mysql 5.5 单机多实例提示pid_生产环境MySQL 5.5.x单机多实例配置实践

背景需求：

1)在一台新采购的服务器上通过源码编译安装一个版本为5.5.x以上的MySQL数据库，并将所有配置文件与数据等均存放在/opt/mysql，以便于今后实现快速迁移、复制和整体备份；

2)在同一个MySQL中运行两个实例，一个绑定在端口3306，一个绑定在端口3307；绑定在3306端口的实例，不开启binlog，数据存放在/opt/mysql/data；绑定在3307端口的实例，开启binlog，数据存放在/opt/mysql/data2；

3)两个实例均采用InnoDB作为默认的存储引擎，字符编码采用UTF-8；两个实例均采用相同的性能优化配置参数，实现单机多实例的配置应用。

实施方案：在编译安装时，将数据库的配置文件my.cnf以及data目录等均指向到/opt/mysql目录；通过mysqld_multi的方式来管理两个不同的实例，采用相同的配置文件共享性能优化配置参数；在同一个配置文件中，利用[mysqld1]与[mysqld2]标签实现不同实例的差异化配置。

配置过程：

1、源码编译安装MySQL

1)安装所需系统软件包

# yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ autoconf bison libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel freetype freetype-devel libxml2 libxml2-devel zlib zlib-devel glibc glibc-devel glib2 glib2-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel ncurses ncurses-devel curl curl-devel e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-devel krb5 krb5-devel libidn libidn-devel openssl openssl-devel openldap openldap-devel nss_ldap openldap-clients openldap-servers

2)安装前的系统设置

# mkdir /opt/mysql //mysql安装目录

# mkdir /opt/mysql/data //mysql数据存放目录

# groupadd mysql //创建用户

# useradd -g mysql mysql //创建用户组

# chown mysql:mysql -R /opt/mysql/data //赋予数据存放目录权限

3)安装cmake

MySQL从5.5版本开始，通过./configure进行编译配置方式已经被取消，取而代之的是cmake工具。因此，需要先在系统中源码编译安装cmake。

# mkdir /home/tools

# cd /home/tools

# wget http://www.cmake.org/files/v2.8/cmake-2.8.4.tar.gz

# tar xf cmake-2.8.4.tar.gz

# cd cmake-2.8.4

# ./configure

# make;make install

4)开始编译安装MySQL

# wget http://downloads.mysql.com/archives/mysql-5.5/mysql-5.5.19.tar.gz

# tar xf mysql-5.5.19.tar.gz

# cd mysql-5.5.19

# cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/opt/mysql

-DSYSCONFDIR=/opt/mysql/etc

-DMYSQL_DATADIR=/opt/mysql/data

-DMYSQL_TCP_PORT=3306

-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/tmp/mysqld.sock

-DMYSQL_USER=mysql

-DEXTRA_CHARSETS=all

-DWITH_READLINE=1

-DWITH_SSL=system

-DWITH_EMBEDDED_SERVER=1

-DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1

-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1

# make;make install

2、创建单机支持多实例

1)进入MySQL主目录

# cd /opt/mysql/

2)删除默认的data目录

# rm -rf data

3)创建需要的目录

# mkdir etc tmp run log binlogs data data2

# chown -R mysql:mysql tmp run log binlogs data data2

4)创建my.cnf配置文件

# vi etc/my.cnf## This server may run 2+ separate instances

## So we use mysqld_multi to manage their services

[mysqld_multi]

mysqld = /opt/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe

mysqladmin = /opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin

log = /opt/mysql/log/mysqld_multi.log

user = root ## Used for stopping the server via mysqladmin

#password =

## This is the general purpose database

## The locations are default

# They are left in [mysqld] in case the server is started normally instead of by mysqld_multi

[mysqld1]

socket = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.sock

port = 3306

pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid

datadir = /opt/mysql/data

lc-messages-dir = /opt/mysql/share/english

## These support master – master replication

#auto-increment-increment = 4

#auto-increment-offset = 1 ## Since it is master 1

#log-bin = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld1

#log-bin-index = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld1.index

#binlog-do-db = ## Leave this blank if you want to control it on slave

#max_binlog_size = 1024M

## This is exlusively for mysqld2

## It is on 3307 with data directory /opt/mysql/data2

[mysqld2]

socket = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.sock2

port = 3307

pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid2

datadir = /opt/mysql/data2

lc-messages-dir = /opt/mysql/share/english

## Disable DNS lookups

#skip-name-resolve

## These support master – slave replication

log-bin = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld2

log-bin-index = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld2.index

#binlog-do-db = ## Leave this blank if you want to control it on slave

max_binlog_size = 1024M

## Relay log settings

#relay-log = /opt/mysql/log/relay-log-mysqld2

#relay-log-index = /opt/mysql/log/relay-log-mysqld2.index

#relay-log-space-limit = 4G

## Slow query log settings

#log-slow-queries = /opt/mysql/log/slow-log-mysqld2

#long_query_time = 2

#log-queries-not-using-indexes

## The rest of the my.cnf is shared

## Here follows entries for some specific programs

## The MySQL server

[mysqld]

basedir = /opt/mysql

tmpdir = /opt/mysql/tmp

socket = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.sock

port = 3306

pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid

datadir = /opt/mysql/data

lc-messages-dir = /opt/mysql/share/english

skip-external-locking

key_buffer_size = 16K

max_allowed_packet = 1M

table_open_cache = 4

sort_buffer_size = 64K

read_buffer_size = 256K

read_rnd_buffer_size = 256K

net_buffer_length = 2K

thread_stack = 128K

## Increase the max connections

max_connections = 200

## The expiration time for logs, including binlogs

expire_logs_days = 14

## Set the character as utf8

character-set-server = utf8

collation-server = utf8_unicode_ci

## This is usually only needed when setting up chained replication

#log-slave-updates

## Enable this to make replication more resilient against server crashes and restarts

## but can cause higher I/O on the server

#sync_binlog = 1

## The server id, should be unique in same network

server-id = 1

## Set this to force MySQL to use a particular engine/table-type for new tables

## This setting can still be overridden by specifying the engine explicitly

## in the CREATE TABLE statement

default-storage-engine = INNODB

## Uncomment the following if you are using InnoDB tables

#innodb_data_home_dir = /opt/mysql/data

#innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend

#innodb_log_group_home_dir = /opt/mysql/data

## You can set .._buffer_pool_size up to 50 – 80 % of RAM

## but beware of setting memory usage too high

innodb_buffer_pool_size = 16M

innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 2M

## Set .._log_file_size to 25 % of buffer pool size

innodb_log_file_size = 5M

innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M

innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1

innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 50

[mysqldump]

quick

max_allowed_packet = 16M

[mysql]

no-auto-rehash

[myisamchk]

key_buffer_size = 8M

sort_buffer_size = 8M

[mysqlhotcopy]

interactive-timeout

[mysql.server]

user = mysql

[mysqld_safe]

log-error = /opt/mysql/log/mysqld.log

pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid

open-files-limit = 8192

[client]

default-character-set = utf8

5)修改my.cnf读写权限，避免普通用户获取到MySQL密码

# chown -R root:root /opt/mysql/etc

# chmod 600 /opt/mysql/etc/my.cnf

3、初始化数据库

1)切换到mysql用户，进入MySQL主目录

# su – mysql

# cd /opt/mysql/

2)初始化实例[mysqld1]和[mysqld2]

# scripts/mysql_install_db –basedir=/opt/mysql –user=mysql –datadir=/opt/mysql/data/

# scripts/mysql_install_db –basedir=/opt/mysql –user=mysql –datadir=/opt/mysql/data2/

3)回到root，创建mysqld_multi.server脚本

# exit

# mkdir -p /opt/mysql/init.d

# cp support-files/mysqld_multi.server /opt/mysql/init.d/

# vi /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server#!/bin/sh

#

# A simple startup script for mysqld_multi by Tim Smith and Jani Tolonen.

# This script assumes that my.cnf file exists either in /etc/my.cnf or

# /root/.my.cnf and has groups [mysqld_multi] and [mysqldN]. See the

# mysqld_multi documentation for detailed instructions.

#

# This script can be used as /etc/init.d/mysql.server

#

# Comments to support chkconfig on RedHat Linux

# chkconfig: 2345 64 36

# description: A very fast and reliable SQL database engine.

#

# Version 1.0

#

basedir=/opt/mysql

bindir=/opt/mysql/bin

conf=/opt/mysql/etc/my.cnf

export PATH=$PATH:$bindir

if test -x $bindir/mysqld_multi

then

mysqld_multi=”$bindir/mysqld_multi”;

else

echo “Can’t execute $bindir/mysqld_multi from dir $basedir”;

exit;

fi

case “$1” in

‘start’ )

“$mysqld_multi” –defaults-extra-file=$conf start $2

;;

‘stop’ )

“$mysqld_multi” –defaults-extra-file=$conf stop $2

;;

‘report’ )

“$mysqld_multi” –defaults-extra-file=$conf report $2

;;

‘restart’ )

“$mysqld_multi” –defaults-extra-file=$conf stop $2

“$mysqld_multi” –defaults-extra-file=$conf start $2

;;

*)

echo “Usage: $0 {start|stop|report|restart}” >&2

;;

esac

4、整体备份MySQL

# cd /opt/

# tar czvf mysql_5.5.19_full.tar.gz mysql5519/

备份完成后，直接将mysql_5.5.19_full.tar.gz拿到其他服务器上，解压后便可以直接启用。

5、管理MySQL实例

1)同时启动实例 [mysqld1] 与 [mysqld2]：

# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server start 1,2

2)查看两个MySQL实例是否都已经成功启动

# netstat -lntp | grep mysqldtcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 28752/mysqld

tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3307 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 28756/mysqld

同时关闭实例 [mysqld1] 与 [mysqld2]：

# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server stop 1,2

仅启动/关闭实例[mysqld1]：

# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server start 1

# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server stop 1

6、登陆MySQL实例

在启动了实例[mysqld1]与[mysqld2]后，通过以下方式登陆不同的实例：

登陆[mysqld1]：

# /opt/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -p

登陆[mysqld2]：

# /opt/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 -p

7、其他初始化设置

1)为MySQL的root帐户设置初始密码

# /opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 password ‘123456’

# /opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 password ‘123456’

2)修改my.cnf配置文件中MySQL的root账户密码

# vim /opt/mysql/etc/my.cnfuser = root ## Used for stopping the server via mysqladmin

password = 123456

3)删除匿名连接的空密码帐

分别登陆实例[mysqld1]与[mysqld2]，执行以下命令：

mysql> use mysql; //选择系统数据库mysql

Database changed

mysql> select Host,User,Password from user; //查看所有用户

+———–+——+——————————————-+

| Host | User | Password |

+———–+——+——————————————-+

| localhost | root | *6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9 |

| mysql-01 | root | |

| 127.0.0.1 | root | |

| ::1 | root | |

| localhost | | |

| mysql-01 | | |

+———–+——+——————————————-+

6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> delete from user where password=””; //删除匿名连接的空密码帐

Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges; //刷新权限

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select Host,User,Password from user; //确认密码为空的用户是否已全部删除

+———–+——+——————————————-+

| Host | User | Password |

+———–+——+——————————————-+

| localhost | root | *6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9 |

+———–+——+——————————————-+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> exit;

经验总结：

1、采用源码编译安装MySQL，可以方便我们自己组织所有MySQL相关文件的位置；同时经过源码编译安装后的MySQL，可以直接复制到其它服务器上运行，大大方便了我们今后的迁移、备份和新服务器的配置；

2、本次方案仅仅实施了两个实例[mysqld1]与[mysqld2]，实际上我们可以通过这样的方式，拓展实现[mysqld3],[mysqld4],[mysqld5]…等更多的实例；

3、MySQL自带了几个不同的配置文件，放置在/opt/mysql/support-files目录下，分别是my-huge.cnf,my-innodb-heavy-4G.cnf,my-large.cnf,my-medium.cnf,my-small.cnf，通过名称我们可以很直观的了解到他们是针对不同的服务器配置的；

4、在单机运行多实例的情况下，不要使用mysql -hlocalhost或直接忽略-h参数登陆服务器，因为如果使用localhost或忽略-h参数，而不是指定127.0.0.1的话，即使选择的端口是3307，还是会登陆到3306实例中去，所以尽量避免这种混乱的产生，统一用127.0.0.1绑定端口或采用socket来登陆。

BTW：如果大家认为我写的还可以，希望能给我的博客投个票，谢谢！O(∩_∩)Ohttps://blog.51cto.com/contest2012/7582

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